Ch.11, 12, &13

Leticia Arreola-Garcia

Islam

Malcolm X found and converted to Islam and believed that this religious faith could bring both whites and blacks together and overcome racial barriers to become one brotherhood. Islam emerged from the margins of the Mediterranean and Middle Easter Civilizations, in the remote cities and the Arabian Peninsula deserts. Although at the beginning it believed in various gods, after Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (570-632 C.E.), who is know to be the last prophet of Allah (God), the belief in many gods changed to a monotheistic faith. Full submission to Allah. Islam made its mark on various locations such as: India, Anatolia, West Africa, and Spain. Through wars and conquest of these civilizations the spread of Islam claimed profitable trading routes and agricultural regions. Islam also had conflicts within itself , with the division of the Sunni Muslims and the Shia branch of Islam. On one side the Shia invested their leaders in religious authority, and the Sunni advocated for established order, this conflict still till this century cannot be fixed, and continues to cause conflict.

Pastoral peoples: Mongols Moment

The Pastoral Nomads Societies shared many features and they also distinguished them from each other. They were nomads disdained farming while centering their economic live around their herd of animals. They domesticated plants and animals and combined farming and animal husbandry, which gave them a economic foundation and power over civilization and population. They emerged in the Afro-Eurasia, and their ability to domesticated animals was unique and impressive in their society. The organized in kinship-based groups or clans- through male line. Woman had fewer restrictions for they played a great big role in the public life as well as agriculture. Most characteristic feature that pastoral societies had was that they were very mobile. They followed seasonal changes in vegetation and source of water supply.

Chinggis Khan, was a charismatic leader who lead the Mongols to many wars and victories, which meant that they had more places to move and use up resources. Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam religions were practiced among the Mongol people, but they changed their religions to profit from political purposes. They also brought horseback ridding, horse harnesses, saddles, swords, and other complex innovations. The Mongol were able to take over many places such as: in China, Persia, Russian. They were very vicious when battling, thus killing and taking over anyone who got in their way. They also facilitated long-distance commerce, but they prompted diplomatic relationships in Eurasia. The Mongol encountered with the a Plague which was called he Black Death killing 50% to 90% of the population, this could have been the first recorded biological warfare. Although Mongol are know for being so barbarian, they also contributed to many innovations and inventions. But because they didn’t have a written language, much is hard to explain about them.

The worlds of the 15^th century

Although China sent out 300 ships and about 27,000 people they never felt that they had the need to explore other places, because they thought that China had all the resources that could self sustain them. But when Columbus set out in 3 ships, he changed the world. He brought the people of two different worlds and two hemispheres together. Bringing slave trade, decimation of natives in the Americas, massive population of people, Industrial Revolution and the growing prominence for Europeans. In the 15^th century not everything was agricultural, there were still some societies that practiced gathering hunting, and foraging still. Such as: those who lived in the northwest coast of North America, northwest Australia. There were also herding societies.

Also by the 15^th century China was one of the best-governed and prominent civilization. China did not explore to conquer out or look for trade because they thought that  it was a time and resources, for they were able to be self-sufficient and others would want to come and trade with them. Western European escaped the Mongols because the Mongols didn’t think that their land was of use, and the devastating plague gave the opportunity to re-grow the population. Europe learned to tax efficiently, create effective administrative structures and raise standing armies, which gave the rise to the Renaissance era. 1942 consequently when Columbus set our to arrive in the East he made history by finding the Americas.

The Aztecs and the Inca’s were two civilizations that flourished in Mesoamerica and in the Andes. Both came from absorbed older cultures, but decimated in the 16^th century by the Spanish conquers. Aztecs were semi nomadic group from Mexico who were loosely structured they had constant warfare amongst each other and practice human sacrifice. They developed canals, dikes, causeways and bridges, and had build temple pyramids. The Incas, expanded from the west coast of the South America to the Andes Mountains. They incorporated from the Chavin, Moche, Nazca, and Chimu civilizations. Both the Aztec and Inca rose from rags-to-richest stories.

The European Scientific Revolution and the Industrial  Revolution shaped the world, no one knew that by Columbus exploring America and finding all of the things he did, the world would’ve been a different place.